Vestnik (series: humanities and social sciences), №1/2026

Kulchitskaya E., Akopdzhanyan A., Galstyan A., Kadura E. A study of work stress among the economically active population of the Republic of Armenia (PDF) 📥

ABSTRACT. This article examines occupational stress as a systemic phenomenon shaped by contemporary socioeconomic conditions. The aim of the study is to comprehensively analyze the relationship between the state of the labor market and the level of occupational stress among the economically active population of the Republic of Armenia. The methodological basis consisted of statistical analysis and sociological research using standardized psychodiagnostic methods (PSS-10, LESS II, Yu.V. Shcherbatykh's method, D. Fontana's professional stress scale, and stress assessment scores). Data processing was carried out using correlation and regression analysis. The study found that occupational stress is systemic and predominantly latent, characterized by moderate severity and even distribution across socio-demographic groups. Key factors determining stress load were identified as employment type, work format, professional affiliation, and organizational environment. It was concluded that occupational stress is a structural element of the modern work environment and requires a systemic approach to its management within both organizational practices and state socio-economic policy.
Keywords:  occupational stress, labor market, employment, human capital, organizational factors.

Badalyan L. Educational reforms of the United States, Germany, and Western Balkan countries in the context of foreign labor attraction: Possibilities for application in Armenia (PDF) 📥

ABSTRACT.  The article examines the current transformations in educational policy in the United States, Germany, and Southeastern Europe, aimed at developing and replenishing human resources in the context of a global shortage of skilled labor. The analysis focuses on institutional instruments for human capital development: dual and integrated vocational education models, qualification recognition mechanisms, and practices for integrating migrants into national education systems. It is shown that international academic mobility creates an additional labor pool, but its effectiveness is entirely determined by the combination of universities' educational strategies and the migration and visa regimes of host countries. The paper identifies key barriers and incentives affecting the influx and retention of international students, including graduate employment regulations and the characteristics of national labor markets. Particular attention is paid to the potential for applying international models in Armenia. Taking into account demographic trends, labor market structure, and institutional constraints, the potential for adapting individual elements–from the development of dual programs to improving qualification recognition procedures–is assessed. The study's methodological framework includes a systematic review of publications published between 2020 and 2025, a comparative historical analysis, and a review of regulatory documents, statistical materials, and analytical reports from international organizations (OECD, UNESCO, and the World Bank). The results enable the formulation of recommendations for improving the effectiveness of education and migration policies in the context of long-term labor market needs
Keywords: Armenia, education, migration, labor market, demography, reforms.

Varzhapetian T. Features of environmental risk management in construction (the cases of Japan and Republic of Armenia)  (PDF) 📥

ABSTRACT. Seismic risks and anthropogenic loads on the construction sector require an integrated approach that combines environmental sustainability, safety, and economic efficiency. For seismically active countries such as Japan and Republic of Armenia, finding an optimal management model that ensures this balance is critical. The aim of this study is to conduct a comparative analysis of Japanese and Armenian models of green construction management in seismically hazardous environments to identify success factors and identify opportunities for adapting best practices to Armenia. The study utilized comparative legal and institutional analysis, conducted a SWOT analysis of the Armenian construction industry, and a systems analysis of international green construction standards. It was found that the Japanese model is characterized by a high degree of integration of public policy, corporate governance, and innovation, with the national CASBEE standard serving as a system-forming element. In contrast, the Armenian system is in the process of transitioning to EU standards, demonstrating fragmented implementation of “green” practices and barriers related to funding, personnel, and the regulatory framework. Based on a comparative analysis and SWOT assessment, a set of recommendations for Armenia has been developed, including the creation of a national certification system, the development of public-private partnership mechanisms, strengthening risk management, and personnel training. Adapting Japanese experience, taking into account local specifics and the potential for European integration, could become a catalyst for the development of a competitive management model in Armenia that ensures the simultaneous achievement of seismic safety and environmental sustainability goals in construction.
Keywords:  green construction, risk management, seismic resistance, comparative analysis, sustainable development.

Kartashyan S. Human rights protection by international courts: a comparative analysis of their jurisdiction and powers (PDF) 📥

ABSTRACT. The article presents a comprehensive comparative legal analysis of the institutional models of regional judicial human rights protection mechanisms – the European, Inter-American, and African systems. Through a comparative examination of their normative foundations and institutional architecture, the study explores key aspects of the functioning of the respective courts, including the procedures governing individual applications, advisory jurisdiction, and mechanisms for supervising the execution of judicial decisions. Particular attention is devoted to identifying conceptual differences in approaches to judicial protection of human rights shaped by the historical and political development of the regions. The analysis reveals structural and conceptual divergences in the functioning of regional human rights mechanisms, reflecting the specific features of regional legal traditions and differing approaches to balancing individual rights, public interests, and state sovereignty.
Keywords: human rights, international courts, comparative law, jurisdiction, judicial protection.

Gyanjumyan Y. Some issues in the field of civil-legal regulation of the obtaining of escheated property in the Republic of Armenia (PDF) 📥

ABSTRACT. This scientific article analyzes the current civil legislation of the Republic of Armenia through the prism of the study of the category of escheated property. The relevance of this topic is due to the fact that the use of this institution allows for the functional and effective use of “vacant” property in the public interest by transforming this property into public property.
Keywords: escheated property, ownership, inheritance law.

Amirova R. Fraud in cashless payments: Сivil-law issues and ways of resolution (PDF) 📥

ABSTRACT. The article explores the legal regulation of bank cards as a key tool for cashless payments and analyzes the legal implications of fraudulent activities involving their use. Special attention is given to the distribution of liability for losses arising from actions of cardholders, particularly in cases where they provide third parties with access to their cards, as well as the legal risks of adverse consequences resulting from such actions. The study examines the possibility of recovering funds by banks upon detecting signs of fraud and the legality of debiting funds from clients' accounts without their consent. The author concludes that certain provisions in agreements between banks and clients fail to comply with national legislation, potentially undermining the protection of property rights. Measures to improve the legal framework are proposed to enhance the security of bank card transactions and protect clients' interests.
Keywords: personal data protection, fraudulent transactions, cashless payments, property rights, notification.

Danilov I. Diasporas in the system of public diplomacy: a comparative review of Armenian communities in Russia, the USA and France (PDF) 📥 

ABSTRACT. Currently, the Armenian diaspora is undergoing a period of active transformation and is firmly establishing itself as an independent actor in international politics. According to the theory of socio-spatial positionality, the host country exerts a profound influence on the strategy and tactics of diaspora communities. This idea is clearly supported by the activities of the Armenian communities in Russia, the United States, and France. While the American and French models involve active lobbying and mass campaigns to draw attention to the problems of the Armenian people, the Russian model relies primarily on informal contacts between political and economic elites. The changing situation in the South Caucasus necessitates the development of new directions for community activities and affects the very foundations of their identity. In this regard, questions concerning the future of the diaspora are becoming highly relevant. These include the development of the "Network State" concept, the directions and formats of cooperation with the historical homeland, and the preservation of Armenian identity in a changing worldd. 
Keywords: public diplomacy, Armenian diaspora, transnational actors, lobbying, foreign policy.

Oganian D. Analysis of “Microsoft” and “Huawei” ’s educational initiatives in Brazil as tools of U.S. and Chinese influence (PDF) 📥

ABSTRACT. In the context of globalization, transnational corporations (TNCs) are increasingly influencing education, shaping human capital, enhancing competitiveness, and serving as instruments of the “soft power” of their home countries. The case of “Microsoft” and “Huawei” in Brazil demonstrates how their educational programs extend U.S. andChinese influence through digital skills development, professional training, and technology promotion. TNC initiatives contribute to profit repatriation, technology exports, and strengthened control over value chains, while simultaneously creating long-term strategic advantages for their home countries.
Keywords:  transnational corporations, education, soft power.

Gevorgyan G. A study of the development of structural forms of the present tense in Armenian (PDF) 📥

ABSTRACT. The article examines the structural models of the present tense of the Indicative mood in the Armenian language in their historical development. The main stages of the evolution of Present tense forms from Classical Armenian to modern dialects are identified. It is shown that the formation of the Present tense was influenced by both internal grammatical transformations and areal factors. Particular attention is paid to the emergence of compound Present tense forms with the infinitive, the particle ku, and participial forms with the affixes Um, Lis in Armenian dialects.
Keywords: Armenian language, Present tense, historical grammar, analytical forms, etymology.

Yesayan М., Madatyan L. Reframing fairy tales to empower women in education  (PDF) 📥

ABSTRACT. This paper examines the historical roots and present challenges of integrating Armenian women into technical disciplines. While legal rights to education are secured, cultural norms and educational practices continue to shape and limit women’s participation in technical fields. Drawing on historical discourse, current statistics, and a pilot educational intervention, this study proposes targeted pedagogical reforms, including inclusive storytelling and early exposure to technical fields. Emphasis is placed on developing critical thinking from an early age and integrating empowering narratives that reflect gender equity. The findings argue for systemic educational reform, inclusive curriculum design, and strong mentorship pathways to enhance women’s representation in science and challenge societal stereotypes.
Keywords: women in science, technical disciplines, gender equity, inclusive curriculum, empowering narratives.

Salakhova A., Kashirova A. The linguocultural code of Soviet fairy tale and animation: between the archetypes and the stereotypes (PDF) 📥

ABSTRACT. This present paper examines fashion discourse to reconstruct stereotypes and attitudes from the Soviet era based on the E. Uspensky story about the village of Prostokvashino and it animated adaptation. The primary goal is to decode the vestimentary code, interpreting the linguistic and cultural data that establish connections beyond literal meaning. The research employed continuous sampling for data collection, alongside hermeneutic-phenomenological, semiotic and intersemiotic approaches to analyze data relating to meanings contained in sign systems or interactions arising from sign systems. The findings confirm that costume language reconstructs the distinct world of Soviet official and unofficial values in a sign-based form. The screen adaptation, as a transmedia text, clarifies and develops the source material by materializing its conceptual information. Stereotypes expressed through costume shape stable perceptions and are transmitted as cultural archetypes. The proposed methodology focuses not on specific linguistic units, but on the intracultural situations they encode. The results have theoretical significance and practical application for developing teaching methodologies, particularly for educating younger non-native speakers about cultural context through literature and Soviet Animation.
Keywords: vestimentary code, Soviet animation, cultural archetypes.

Karabekyan S., Chplakhyan M., Mehrabi Kh. On the functional and semantic features of the use of the particle albāʾ in the Qur’an (PDF) 📥 

ABSTRACT. This article is devoted to a comprehensive analysis of the semantic functions of the Arabic preposition الباء) al-bāʾ) in the Qur'anic text. The particle al-bāʾ exhibits significant polyfunctionality, demonstrating more than ten distinct meanings depending on the syntactic context. The article explores its primary meanings, with particular attention paid to the interpretations of classical grammarians such as Sībawayh, al-Zamakhsharī, Ibn ʿĀshūr, and others. The study highlights the importance of the precise use of the particle al-bāʾ in conveying the meanings of the Qur'anic text and demonstrates its crucial role in Arabic syntax and lexical semantics. 
Keywords: Qur’an, particle al-bāʾ, الجر حرف, Arabic grammar, linguistic analysis.

Bardakchyan H. Islam and Japan: features of perception through the prism of Japanese syncretism and the history of Islam in Japan before 1945 (PDF) 📥

ABSTRACT. This article is devoted to a historical analysis of Japan's contacts with the Islamic world, as well as the peculiarities of the perception of Islam by the Japanese intellectual elite in the early stages of these interactions. It examines both sporadic contacts before the Meiji era and the processes of the systematic penetration of Islam into Japan in the late 19-th and early 20th centuries. Key events and personalities are analyzed, including the shipwreck of the frigate “Ertuğru”l, the emergence of the first Japanese Muslims, the activities of “secret societies” and the emergence of ideas of a syncretic “Japanese Islam”. Special attention is paid to the interrelationship of religion and politics, manifested in the use of the Islamic factor within the framework of the geopolitical and economic interests of the Japanese Empire.
Keywords:  transnational corporations, education, soft power.

Sarvazyan L. The principle of separation of powers in the “Lawcodes” of Mkhitar Gosh and Smbat Sparapet (in Arm.) (PDF) 📥 

ABSTRACT. The article interprets the principle of separation of powers in two major sources of medieval Armenian law. Outstanding Armenian thinkers Mkhitar Gosh and Smbat Sparapet in their main works – in the “Lawcodes” – developed a unique concept of national and state sovereignty, which corresponded to the national ideology of the Armenian people and the demands of the national liberation struggle for the purpose of restoring political independence and sovereign statehood. In this context, Armenian thinkers discussed the principle of separation of powers at several levels, defining the rights, obligations and liabilities of spiritual and secular authorities, as well as various social groups in the system of national government. Their goal was state security, national unity and social harmony. The achievement of this goal was considered possible through the application to the activities of state authorities of the constitutional and legal principles of representation, advisory government, legality, legitimacy, justice, and mutual consent of the people and the authorities. The importance and importance of these principles in the Armenian society was recognized even in the early Middle Ages and was realized in the National-Church Assemblies. The creation of “Lawcodes” wеre conditioned by historical, legal and political realities of the XII–XIII centuries. In Armenia and Cilicia, the Armenian people waged a national liberation struggle to restore political independence and national statehood. Therefore, Gosh’s «Lawcodes” was compiled as the code of the future Armenian state, and Smbat’s «Lawcodes” was compiled as the current code of the already established state of Cilician Armenia. The “Lawcodes” are based on the relationship between the state, the church and the people. Many laws reflect the methods of governance of secular and spiritual authorities, as well as the legal regulation of relations between the government and the people. Remaining true to the value system of the national legal and political culture, Mkhitar Gosh and Smbat Sparapet also enshrined in the “Lawcodes” the principles of a multi-level judicial system in the name of affirming national judicial identity and justice.. 
Keywords: principle of separation of powers, national political system, Mkhitar Gosh, “Armenian “Lawcodes”, political self-determination, Smbat Gundstable, constitutional monarchy, justice.

Rostomyan Zh. The application of innovative methods in the process of teaching Armenian and their harmonization with traditional approaches: their effectiveness
(in Arm.) (PDF) 📥

ABSTRACT. The course for teaching Armenian as a foreign language is conducted through several stages: first, speaking, then oral reproduction, literacy and written composition, acquisition of reading skills, and mastery of basic grammatical knowledge. In each of these stages, both traditional and innovative methods are applied simultaneously – more precisely, they are often combined and sometimes even fused. For example, during the teaching of oral speech and vocabulary enrichment, the process begins with mastering words and expressions necessary
for everyday communication (forms of greeting and farewell, introducing oneself to a conversation partner, asking questions during a first meeting and being able to respond to them). This approach is also widely accepted in traditional language teaching methods. After one or two lessons, when the learner’s speech range has somewhat expanded, the communicative approach supports the acquisition of oral speech. This involves the practical use of language in real-life situations and contributes to the development of speaking skills. In this phase, dialogues (especially student-to-student formats) and then polylogues (multiperson conversations) are emphasized. These are components of every oral speech lesson, but each new lesson also incorporates other innovative methods and technologies – for example, performing oral tasks individually, in groups, or in team-based formats. This approach is applied throughout all stages. In the process of teaching Armenian as a foreign language, it is essential to use both traditional and innovative methods and technologies. These complement and harmonize with each other, and thanks to this diversity, the learning process becomes more accessible, more engaging (from the student’s perspective), and encourages deeper exploration – making it more effective overall.
Keywords:  traditional and innovative methods, the communicative skills, interactive method, dialogues, polylodes, teaching the oral speech, writing and easy grammary.