Vestnik (series: humanities and social sciences), №4/2025

Davtyan V., Khachikyan S. Nuclear energy in India: institutional experience and cooperation potential with Armenia (PDF) 📥

ABSTRACT. The development of India’s nuclear energy sector and its institutional experience was analyzed, including the stages of infrastructure formation, scientific and technical capacity, and state policy in the field of “peaceful atom”. Particular attention was paid to geopolitical and economic factors influencing energy diversification, production growth, and the implementation of innovative technologies. The possibilities for Indo-Armenian cooperation in the nuclear sphere were examined, including technology transfer, personnel training, and scientific research collaboration. The potential of Armenia was emphasized in the context of adopting Indian nuclear technologies and implementing joint projects, which may contribute to strengthening energy security and promoting innovative development.
Keywords:  India, Armenia, nuclear energy, cooperation, diversification, security, geopolitics.

Voskanyan М., Grigoryan A. Analysis of the impact of protectionist policies on the economies of developing countries (PDF) 📥

ABSTRACT.  This article delves into the impact of protectionist measures on the economic frameworks of developing nations, both at the macroeconomic and sectoral levels. The experiences of Lithuania, Poland, South Korea, and Taiwan, as representative small and medium-sized countries, are utilized as case studies. The article investigates how limitations on imports and the support for local manufacturing have affected various economic indicators such as GDP growth, export figures, the proportion of industrial output in GDP, and employment rates in these nations. Employing a relatively analytical and comparative methodology, the article highlights that protectionism can yield positive results only when targeted towards suitable emerging industries and implemented consistently and comprehensively..
Keywords: protectionism, emerging industries, gross domestic product, economic development, manufacturing sector, exports, workforce, developing economies.

Govdya V., Degaltseva Zh. Development of the accounting triad in the conditions of applying innovative technologies in business entities of the agro-industrial complex of RF (PDF) 📥

ABSTRACT. The development of the modern economy requires the introduction of new approaches to the organization of accounting and resource management in the business entities of the agricultural sector of the country's economy. This article is devoted to the study of the evolution of the traditional accounting triad – accounting, tax and management accounting – in the context of the active use of digital and information technologies. The prospects of integrating innovative solutions, such as big data mining systems and automation of accounting (financial) reporting processes, are considered to increase transparency, efficiency and quality of business activities in the agro-industrial sector of the economy. Special attention is paid to the issues of harmonization of three types of accounting, contributing to the adoption of rational management decisions at all levels of management from small farms to large agricultural holdings. The authors identify the key factors of the transformation of accounting practices, substantiate the need to adapt accounting methodology to modern market requirements and offer recommendations for improving the efficiency of interaction between accounting, tax service and management units of an economic entity. The study allows us to conclude that the introduction of modern technologies creates prerequisites for the further development of the digital infrastructure of the industry, increases the competitiveness of agricultural enterprises and organizations and contributes to the sustainable development of agriculture in the country.
Keywords:  accounting triad, innovative technologies, digitalization, development.

Lalabekova V., Khagagortyan I. Analysis and prospects for the development of national payment systems on the example of “ArCa” and “Mir” (PDF) 📥

ABSTRACT. This article analyzes the operating characteristics and development prospects of national payment systems, using the Armenian ArCa and Russian Mir systems as examples. These systems are viewed as important tools for strengthening financial sovereignty, reducing dependence on international payment infrastructures, and ensuring the smooth flow of domestic payments. A comparative analysis of their structure, goals, operating mechanisms, and current status is provided. A primary focus is on a SWOT-analysis of both payment systems, which identifies their strengths and weaknesses, opportunities for further development, and threats posed by external economic, technological, and behavioral factors. Based on this analysis, practical recommendations are proposed for improving technological infrastructure, strengthening user trust, expanding the scope of application, and enhancing cybersecurity. The results provide a comprehensive understanding of the challenges, opportunities, and barriers facing national payment systems in today's environment.
Keywords:  national payment system, financial independence, payment infrastructure, ArCa, Mir.

Mnatsakanyan V. Analysis of Armenia's trade relations with the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries (PDF) 📥

ABSTRACT. Trade relations between Armenia and the countries of the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) have developed since the early 1990s against the backdrop of the region’s rapidly growing economic significance. Over the past decades, the Gulf states have assumed key positions not only in global energy markets but also in trade, logistics, finance, and investment activity –transforming from a regional hub into one of the key nodes of the global economy. Against this backdrop, Armenia’s trade ties with GCC countries remain limited and poorly diversified, characterized by a high degree of commodity and geographic concentration, primarily focused on the United Arab Emirates. The increase in export volumes after 2022 has been driven by the expansion of a narrow range of product supplies, while institutional fragmentation and the absence of a comprehensive foreign economic strategy continue to hinder the development of a full-fledged and sustainable partnership.
Keywords:  Armenia, GCC countries, foreign trade, foreign economic policy, trade structure.

Kufleva V. Individual legal status of the person who committed a crime (PDF) 📥

ABSTRACT. The study of the individual legal status of a person who committed a crime can serve as a theoretical basis for resolving the issue of the relationship between such concepts as the subject of a criminal-legal relationship; a person subject to criminal liability; a person found guilty of a crime. The purpose of the study is to study the individual legal status of a person who committed a crime through the prism of general, special and individual legal statuses. The result of the study was the formulation of provisions that are significant for the development of the theory of criminal law: on the legal concept of a person who committed a crime and the individual legal status of a person who committed a crime.
Keywords: the person who committed the crime; individual legal status; general legal status; special legal status; criminal liability.

Arshakyan M. Some aspects of judicial and pre-trial protection of foreign investments: a comparative analysis of the EAEU with the practices of the EU, USMCA, AND MERCOSUR (PDF) 📥

ABSTRACT. The article examines the features of judicial and pre-trial protection of foreign investments within the framework of the EAEU in comparison with the mechanisms operating in other integration associations, such as the EU, the USMCA, and MERCOSUR. The key structural elements of protection are analyzed, including investors’ access to justice, the existence of pre-trial filters, and institutions for coordinating investment policy. The study explores the most effective mechanisms implemented in other integration systems that may have a positive impact on shaping a more attractive investment climate in the EAEU by providing investors with additional guarantees of protection. Based on a comparative analysis, proposals are put forward for the gradual adoption of certain mechanisms aimed at strengthening the investment climate and legal stability within the Union.
Keywords: investment protection, Court of the EAEU, economic integration, comparative law.

Nersesyan I. Implementation of the right to peaceful assemblies in the digital environment: virtual peaceful assemblies, legal aspects and practice (PDF) 📥

ABSTRACT. The article is devoted to the analysis of the implementation of the right to peaceful assemblies in the digital environment, with a focus on online assemblies and virtual meetings. It examines current trends in the development of digital forms of expressing socio-political opinions, as well as existing legal norms regulating the procedures for conducting such events. Special attention is given to issues of law enforcement practice and potential risks of violating participants’ rights during online assemblies. Based on a comparative analysis of the legislation of various countries, recommendations are proposed for amending the legislation of the Republic of Armenia to ensure more effective protection of the right to peaceful assemblies in the digital environment. The article also emphasizes the importance of digital technologies as a tool to enhance civic engagement and public participation in democratic processes.
Keywords: Implementation of the right to peaceful assemblies in the digital environment: virtual peaceful assemblies, legal aspects and practice.

Dunamalyan N., Kazarinova D. The specifics of ethnic conflict resolution in the context of the UN's Sustainable Development Goals: the case of the South Caucasus (PDF) 📥 

ABSTRACT. The specifics of ethnic conflict resolution in the context of the UN's sustainable development priorities, on the example of the South Caucasus region, remains the most important priority of global and regional security. Along with the intensification of global turbulence, the security architecture of the entire region is intensively changing, while non-regional players and international organizations are taking an active position in these processes. This international organizations are to be guided not only by the interests of their member states, but also by global principles of sustainable development. The main principles laid down in the UN 2030 Agenda, in particular SDG-16, and their application to the resolution of interethnic conflicts are considered. 
Keywords: interethnic conflicts, South Caucasus, Sustainable Development Goals, UN SDGs, consociative approach, integrative approach, deliberative approach, UN area of responsibility.

Sargsyan H., Sargsyan D. Nation-building processes in the republics of the South Caucasus: main factors and trends of development (PDF) 📥

ABSTRACT. Following the collapse of the USSR, the states of the post-Soviet space underwent intensive nation-building processes. At the present stage, these processes are also being stimulated by transformations in the world order. The republics of the South Caucasus have not remained untouched by these developments; in each of them, a distinct nation-building policy is unfolding. The aim of this article is to identify the principal factors influencing the transformation of national identity and nation-building policies in the republics of the South Caucasus. Attention is drawn to a number of factors, including the ethnic and confessional composition of the population, the role of traditional institutions, the cultural and linguistic factor, foreign policy orientation, the level of development of civic culture, the influence of centers of power, and the presence of ethnopolitical conflicts, among others..
Keywords: South Caucasus, nation-building, identity politics, national identity, transformation of identities.

Avanesyan M. The role of the energy-transport agenda in forming constants of Turkey's national security: an analysis of the official discourse on the protection and development of critical infrastructures in the context of Eurasian transit (2009–2025) (PDF) 📥

ABSTRACT. This article is devoted to the main stages of the formation of the energytransport discourse in the official plans and strategies of the Turkish government over the past fifteen years. The main genesis of the “hub” geostrategy is presented, along with the internal challenges for the political leadership of the state in the context of planning and implementing the largest trans-regional energy and logistics projects. The formation of the main constants of the energy-transport policy reflects transformations in the perception of the development of the relevant areas, as well as their semantic and substantive richness. An analysis of key words makes it possible to assess the level of transformations in the representation of Turkish political discourse. Furthermore, the analysis of the discursive features of the energy-transport aspect in official strategies serves as an indicator of the viability of those projects in which the Republic of Turkey appears as a key player. The article also contains elements of the specificity of the “doctrinal” approach in creating an official strategy, and the correlation of discourse development based on temporal achievements and planned goals.
Keywords: political discourse, energy, transport policy.

Harutyunyan M. Educational policy as an object of political analysis: constructivist and systemic approaches (PDF) 📥

ABSTRACT. This article examines the theoretical and methodological foundations for analyzing educational policy and public policy in the field of education. It is noted that despite the widespread use of these concepts in academic discourse, a unified and generally accepted definition is lacking, leading to methodological fragmentation in research in this area. The methodological basis of the study is a constructivist approach and systems analysis. The constructivist approach allows for the examination of educational policy as a socially constructed phenomenon. The systems approach enables the analysis of educational policy as a holistic, multi-level, and dynamic system.
Keywords: educational policy, state policy in the field of education, constructivism, systems analysis.

Galstyan M. Environmental discourse: origins and stages of development (PDF) 📥

ABSTRACT. This article examines the concept of “discourse” as an interdisciplinary, multifaceted phenomenon encompassing linguistic, social, political, and philosophical aspects. It also explores the history and development of the term “environmental discourse”. Four key stages in the evolution of public perception of environmental discourse are identified: the path from a moral appeal to the conscience of society to an institutionalized and politically significant form of communication. The types of environmental discourse are examined. A provisional definition of the boundaries of discourse is provided.
Keywords: ecological discourse, environmental policy, environmental issues, ecopolitics.

Iskandaryan N. Specifics of teaching Armenian as a foreign language to Russian-speaking students at RAU (features, methods, and challenges) (PDF) 📥

ABSTRACT. Today, the teaching of foreign languages, including Armenian, is considered in the context of intercultural communication. Teaching Armenian to Russian-speaking students is both an interesting and a challenging task. One of the main priorities in teaching Armenian as a foreign language is to use a comparative approach and to overcome linguistic difficulties effectively, which means combining the native language and the target language. For a more effective understanding of the material, it is important to use different teaching methods: lectures, videos, audio recordings, online resources, language learning apps, as well as independent work through exercises. At the same time, it is necessary to consider the characteristics of modern students’ “clip thinking”: they need continuous updating of information, variety in activities, and a creative approach. For this purpose, it is useful to organize tasks in a sequence, use active teaching methods, and include visual materials such as pictures, diagrams, tables, videos, and online applications. The course is designed for three semesters. Experience shows that when working with a group of learners like this, it is important to develop not only language and reading skills but also intercultural communication skills.
Keywords: foreign language teaching, Armenian, Russian-speaking students, intercultural communication, linguistic difficulties, comparative approach, intercultural context.