Vestnik (series: humanities and social sciences), №2/2025

Arakelyan G. Construction of a scoring model based on a new machine learning algorithm (PDF) 📥

ABSTRACT. The banking system, being the most important sector of the economy, often faces various risks. The main one of these risks is the risk of possible losses when lending. As a result, it is important for financial institutions to correctly assess the creditworthiness of the borrower. This article is devoted to solving the problem of binary classification by developing a new machine learning algorithm. During the study, based on the new method and real lending data, a scoring model was built to assess the creditworthiness of borrowers, which returns scores in the range of 300–850. Such qualitative indicators of the resulting model as ROC AUC, PR AUC, Precision, Recall, F1 score were evaluated. The results of the study show that the application of the constructed model in practice can reduce the level of credit risk and protect financial institutions from significant losses.
Keywords:  credit risk, machine learning, creditworthiness, scoring, binary classification.

Ghlijyan T. Expansion of logistics capabilities of the southern gate of the Republic of Armenia and assessment of economic efficiency (PDF) 📥

ABSTRACT.  Many problems and challenges are still relevant in the logistics system of the Republic of Armenia. Based on the geographical location of the country, the transport costs of the Republic of Armenia are considered one of the highest in the world, which is due to the blockade of land roads with neighboring countries to the east and west and the lack of access to the sea. The identification and application of the logistical possibilities of the Armenian-Iranian border will not only be of vital importance in the expansion of trade between the two countries, but will also greatly contribute to the development of trade with some large Asian countries and promote the use of new alternative routes. Thus, the article proposes to expand the volume of foreign trade of Armenia, particularly with China, India, and the United Arab Emirates, through the Iranian ports of Bandar Abbas and Chabahar. It is also proposed to use Iran's Caspian Sea port of Enzeli as an alternative route, through which a significant amount of cargo will be transported in both directions to the Russian Federation and Kazakhstan. In the article, the task of evaluating the effectiveness of the proposed roads from an economic point of view is also set.
Keywords: transportation costs, southern gate of the RA, ports, alternative route, LPI-score.

Grigoryan A. The impact of globalization processes on main economic indicators of Armenia (PDF) 📥

ABSTRACT. This article analyzes Armenia’s economic integration into global markets over the past 30 years. It examines the impact of globalization and participation in international economic unions on key macroeconomic indicators, including foreign trade, the dynamics and structure of GDP, and the volume of foreign direct investment. Special attention is given to institutional reforms, the role of the diaspora, and the high-tech sector. To quantitatively assess the level of globalization, the KOF Globalization Index is used, allowing for a comparison between Armenia’s economic openness and global trends. The study concludes that, despite considerable progress toward globalization, Armenia still lags behind global trends in several structural aspects.
Keywords:  Globalization, GDP, foreign trade, foreign investments, Armenia.

Martirosyan A. The model of optimal control of stimulation of development of reading (PDF) 📥

ABSTRACT. This article presents an optimal control model for reading literacy development. Based on World Bank data, the dynamics of learning poverty indicators for the period 2015-2021 were analyzed, showing a decrease from 35% to 26.1%. An optimal control model has been developed, with an objective function that takes into account educational, social, and economic factors, as well as the relationships between control actions and phase coordinates characterizing the system state. The study incorporates a systemic analysis of the relationships between cultural dimensions, cognitive abilities, and sustainable development goals. The research revealed significant correlations between Schwartz's cultural values and sustainable development indicators, with values of self-direction (r=0.834) and benevolence (r=0.838) showing the strongest positive associations with SDG achievement. The model considers international experience of reading development programs from the United Kingdom, USA, Germany, and other countries, and explores the potential for expanding the system of phase coordinates to include digitalization, teacher-student ratio, preschool education, reading activity, and book lending indicators. The paper proposes practical mechanisms for optimal control of reading literacy development, including economic incentives, educational innovations, and
social programs that account for gender stereotypes and cultural barriers to education. The research results can be used to reform educational policy and improve the quality of human capital in the context of sustainable development goals.
Keywords:  reading literacy, optimal control model, cultural dimensions, sustainable development, econometric analysis.

Sarkisyan H., Khachaturyan S. Constitutional reform discourse within the framework of armenian identity “modernization” (PDF) 📥

ABSTRACT. The discourse on constitutional reforms is actively unfolding across the post-Soviet space. However, the actual determinants of the necessity for these reforms vary across different post-Soviet countries. They are directly linked to the specific challenges of state  evelopment, primarily nation-building, which is why the politics of constitutional reforms can also be considered in the broader context of state-led identity policy. The discourse on constitutional reforms in Armenia, at first glance, appears to be a component of a particular policy of  modernization” of Armenian statehood in general, and of national identity in particular. These reforms are necessitated by the challenges to Armenian statehood arising from profound changes in the international order, alongside the process of establishing a civic nation in the Republic of Armenia informed by an ethnocultural framework. In this article, through an analysis based on a corpus of public statements regarding the Constitution of the Republic of Armenia by political figures from 2018 to 2025, and by examining these statements in light of changes in the domestic and foreign policy context, we conclude that the discussion is less about implementing a strategic development project and more about tactical maneuvering in response to immediate domestic political challenges and external pressure from specific centers of power.
Keywords: discourse on constitutional reforms, challenges in national development, national identity, nation-building, politics of identity.

Margaryan M. Evolution of public administration: hybrid models and their impact on reforms in transition economies (case study of Armenia, Georgia and Moldova) (PDF) 📥

ABSTRACT. The article delves into the progression of paradigms within public administration, tracing the transition from the conventional bureaucratic framework to the models of new public administration and further, to governance strategies grounded in the principles of “good governance”. It critically examines contemporary dynamics, such as digital transformation, decentralization, and the enhancement of civic engagement. Through case studies of administrative reforms in transitional economies, focusing on Armenia, the article underscores the significance of tailoring global best practices to the unique socio-cultural contexts of local systems. It concludes by advocating for the development of hybrid governance models that effectively integrate key components of both new public administration and good governance methodologies.
Keywords: State governance, new public management, good governance, reforms in Armenia, public policy.

Margaryan N. Features of the formation of the transport and logistics system of the South Caucasus during the USSR period: problems and approaches in the new political reality (PDF) 📥

ABSTRACT. The modern basis of the transport and logistics framework of the South Caucasus is the result of the systematic construction of the transport and logistics system of the Transcaucasian economic region during the period of the USSR. The need for accelerated  evelopment of the transport system of the newly formed USSR in the context of a new ideological paradigm, with the involvement of broad sections of the population, the need to ensure territorial interconnection and political integration of territorial units included in the USSR, as well as against the background of the state's participation in World War II, gave rise to a number of problems in the issue of building an effective transport network, which to this day affect the transport and logistics system of the South Caucasus, in particular, Armenia, Georgia and Azerbaijan, which is especially relevant in the context of political processes taking place in the international arena and the aggravation of political contradictions between countries. The aim of the work is to analyze the policy of the USSR in the sphere of construction and development of the transport and logistics system of the Transcaucasian economic region, political motives for the development of the transport network of this region, identification of the main problems that had (in addition to the conflicts in this territory in the post-Soviet period)
a significant impact on the current state of the transport framework of the South Caucasus.
Keywords: transport system of the USSR, transport system of the Armenian SSR, transport system of the Azerbaijan SSR, transport system of the Georgian SSR, rail communication, automobile communication.

Hovhannisyan V. “Rebus sic stantibus” clause and the Kars Treaty of October 13, 1921 (PDF) 📥 

ABSTRACT. The purpose of the present study is to reveal the international legal content of the “rebus sic stantibus” clause and its impact on the validity of international treaties. The scientific novelty of the work lies in the fact that the Kars Treaty of October 13, 1921, signed 100  ears ago, is analyzed in the context of modern international law, with a particular focus on the legal clause “rebus sic stantibus”. The study of the two legal clauses – “pacta sunt servanda” and “rebus sic stantibus” – demonstrates that there are no contradictions or competitive elements between these definitions. On the contrary, they are interdependent and, as legal postulates, have developed and will continue to develop in parallel in the future. The author of the present article, researching the treaty rights of Turkey from the perspective of the “rebus sic stantibus” clause, concludes that, at present, the Kars Treaty functions solely as a document defining the status of Nakhijevan and the state borders of the parties to the treaty. 
Keywords: validity of international treaties; modern international law; legal postulates; international legal concept; state borders.

Hayrapetyan A., Danielyan A. Features of the legal regulation of crypto assets in the EU and the EAEU (PDF) 📥

ABSTRACT. The article analyzes the key aspects of the legal regulation of crypto-assets in the European Union (EU) and the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU). It examines regulatory acts, key court cases, and the prospects for regulatory development in these integration associations. Special attention is given to the challenges of unifying approaches within the EAEU and the implications of the introduction of MiCA in the EU.
Keywords: crypto-assets, EU, regulation, comparison, EAEU.

Torgomyan S., Julfayan R. The formation of learners’ competencies in the process of teaching syntactic synonyms (transformations)  (PDF) 📥

ABSTRACT. Each new day presents the world to individuals in a new light, creating situations that require them to analyze, interpret, and make appropriate decisions to sustain their existence and address emerging challenges. Life imposes on society the need to develop new strategies of living and action, and the development of such strategies constitutes, in the broadest sense, the essence of modern educational policy. Today, a process of reconstruction is underway that affects not only educational structures but also ways of thinking. This necessitates, above all, fostering in learners the conviction that lifelong learning is essential to becoming active members of society and meaningfully participating in its diverse processes. Language is both a form of thought and a means of communication, enabling individuals to articulate their ideas and emotions. This article examines the logical relationship between the competencies defined by state educational standards and the role and significance of teaching grammatical structures – specifically, syntactic synonyms (transformations) – in developing these competencies. The aim is to present the various types and characteristics of thinking, the core competencies of econdary education, and the possibilities for developing them through teaching syntactic synonyms. It is noted that both in high school and higher education, emphasis is placed on learners’ independent study.
Keywords: diverse thinking, competencies, syntactic synonyms, transformations, educational outcomes.

Balayan N., Avetisyan S. Origin of rulers cult in literary works based on “'Dzhikon”' Armenian fairy tale  (PDF) 📥

ABSTRACT. The article analyzes literary works based on the Armenian folk tale “Dzhikon” and the tale “Brave Nazar”, adapted by A. Tumanyan.The aim of this study is to elucidate the distinctive and shared characteristics of a comical character across a range of works, thereby illustrating the particular approach to the character adopted by the authors in each case. The article presents a variety of perspectives through which writers imbue the archetypal character with contemporary characteristics. This is achieved through the use of literary techniques, including parody, irony, grotesque, and sarcasm, within the literary context of political myth. Furthermore, the narrative expands upon the character-symbol's political trajectory, elucidating the perilous metamorphosis of Nazar's essence. The article concludes that all the Armenian writers emphasise the revolutionary impact of speech in terms of Nazar's political transformation and his influence on the consciousness of the masses. In their texts, all Armenian writers artistically realise the linguistic-psychological-political hierarchy. The relevance of the topic is justified by the timeless nature of Nazarism as an eternal phenomenon inherent in all social forms.
Keywords: dolklore figure, grotesque, comic type, propaganda speech, political myth.

Gasparyan E. Genre system of English Neo-Romantism  (PDF) 📥

ABSTRACT. The article discusses the issue of Neo-Romanticism as an artistic movement and identifies the distinctive features of English Neo-Romanticism. Alongside the shared aesthetic characteristics found in the works of various Neo-Romantic authors, the article highlights the artistic diversity of literary genres favored by these writers. Based on this diversity, an attempt is made to define the genre system of English Neo-Romanticism.
Keywords: English Neo-Romanticism, genre system, science fiction novel, detective novel, colonial novel.